Water availability is often a factor in how variants of plant species evolve.
The Science:
Researchers statistically mapped regions of the panic grass genome linked to morphological traits such as thriving under scarce (xeric) or moderate (mesic) water availability. The information lends insights into how ecotypes are formed as evolving populations of a species adapt to a particular environment.
To understand how two varieties of panic grass (Panicum hallii) emerged, researchers including DOE JGI collaborator Tom Juenger at the University of Texas-Austin grew hybrid plants in University of Texas greenhouses. (Image courtesy of Tom Juenger)
The Impact:
Identifying the genomic regions involved in how panic grass responds to water availability is of interest for studying its close relative switchgrass, a candidate bioenergy feedstock.
Summary
For the U.S. Department of Energy, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) holds promise as a potential bioenergy feedstock because it is a perennial grass that is also salt-tolerant, drought-tolerant, and thrives on marginal land. However, the plant is also polyploid, containing multiple copies of its genome, and this makes it difficult for researchers to map its genetic code.
Hall’s panic grass (P. hallii) is a smaller, close relative of switchgrass with a shorter life cycle. The DOE Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science user facility, is sequencing this plant to develop it as a model system for genetic and genomic work.
In a New Phytologist paper published September 23, 2014, a team from the University of Texas-Austin and including DOE JGI researchers utilized the genetic similarities between switchgrass and panic grass to identify traits related to the grasses’ ability to thrive under various water availability conditions. Using two varieties of P. hallii — var. hallii that thrives in very dry habitats and var. filipes that thrives in habitats with moderate water levels – the team statistically mapped (through quantitative trait locus or QTL mapping) traits involved in the divergence of this species.
“The same set of ecotype-differentiating traits found between xeric and mesic varieties of P. hallii are also involved in the divergence of upland and lowland ecotypes of the closely related bioenergy crop switchgrass,” the team noted in their report. “Gaining insight into the molecular details of colocalizing QTL in these systems will be an important next step in understanding the factors constraining or facilitating adaptation and ecotypic differentiation to different habitats in nature.”
The team mapped QTLs for 9 morphological traits and, in one instance, found that 5 traits including tiller and leaf size and shape as well as flowering time map to the same region. The team noted in their study that their findings suggest some traits involved in the formation of variants may evolve in tandem, while other traits evolve independently. This work will allow the association of genomic features in panic grass’s with its responses to water availability; given the similarity of panic grass to switchgrass, this will point researchers to those genomic regions in switchgrass that could serve as targets for further studies to learn how to exploit these regions for the improvement of switchgrass for bioenergy.
Contact
Jeremy Schmutz
DOE Joint Genome Institute Plant Program Head
jschmutz@hudsonalpha.org
Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
- USDA NIFA-AFRI
- National Science Foundation
Publication
Lowry DB et al. The genetics of divergence and reproductive isolation between ecotypes of Panicum hallii. New Phytol. 2014 Sep 23. doi: 10.1111/nph.13027. [Epub ahead of print]