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… of the sex chromosomes of mammals is, for the first time, seen in a plant. The Science Sex in plants can be … hermaphrodites, expressing both male and female gametes in one individual. But some, including shrub willow  Salix … reproduce can help guide breeding efforts. For example, discovering genetic markers of sex enables scientists to …

… into an ancient metabolism. Methane is a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Billions of years … climate for life to flourish. For Guillaume Borrel and Simonetta Gribaldo of the Institut Pasteur in France, the … in nearly all types of anaerobic environments suggest the diversity of methane metabolisms is “vastly underestimated.” …

… Survey of Setaria's natural diversity reveals seed dispersal in wild populations for the first time. For years, Elizabeth (Toby) Kellogg and other … a senior author of the paper. “This paper is the first one to survey a huge amount of natural diversity and say, …

… step in the deadly dance between a virus and microbial cell is an embrace. For a virus with a “head-tail” … of viruses that had in their genomes a surprising tool: a “diversity generating retroelement,” or DGR. The DGR could … only for viruses and other microbes , but for scientists. One emerging industry application of DGRs is to use them to …